The temperature boundaries are the safe temperature range allowed for the operation of the battery system, which is usually specified by the cell manufacturer or system designer. For example, the operating temperature of a typical lithium-ion battery is as follows:
Charging: 0℃ ~ 45℃
Discharging: –20℃ ~ 60℃
Exceeding the temperature boundaries may cause:
Electrolyte decomposition
SEI film breakdown
Material structure damage
Thermal runaway
